Vivigraphic film and process.



E. s. HOPKINSJR.

RAP

ND PROCESS.

Patented Dec. 3, 1918.A

Vl HIC FI A PL ATION Fl MQQQDQQQQUQQQQQDQQDDQQQ W 522 @52S @ASR- WM f@ EDWIN s. HoPKINs'Jn., or NEW YORK, N. Y.

vvI'GRAPHIc FILM ANN Pnocnss.

To all whom. it may concern) Be it k'noi'vn that I, Eowini S. HoPKiNs-,

, Jr., a citizen of the United States, residing of motion at NewYork, in the county of New. York and State of New York, have invented cer;y

tain new and useful Improvements in 4Vivigraphic vFilms and Processes, of Which-'the following is a specification.

Mv invention relates principally.'to"manu- "l factures designed chiefly' to `accomplish the synchronization ofthe eifect's of motion pic# ture projecting machines. such as kin'eto`` scopes, with the eiiect's of sound reproduc-A ing machines, such as phonograph's, but it may readil)7 be adapted also to letl'ect the synchronization of the etfectsof other sorts of' sound reproducing machinesor automatic musical instruments, such as music boxes',- and piano-or other instrument-'pla'yingA machines or svstcms of reproducing music' suchas the telharmonium, with motion' pictui'e-'proJecting machines, or motion picture 'machines with each other,'it being within the scope o -f my invention to synchronizeone or more of anyl one machine' mentioned withore or more oithe` same type or. with one or more of an v other types mentioned".y

The principal. eil-ect of such synchroniiation is to make it appear to the auditory that the original ofthe motion picture'wasaccompanied by the originals ofthe' sounds simultaneously emitted by the sound' machine. whether that ivas vin reality the case or not:l thus obviating when desirable, the

'diiliculties ofsubjecting an original scene to znore'than one sort of recording device, and

allowing fornovel eifects, such as the" con' versation of man and d og, dissolving' etlccts pictures. music, and speechgaiid ctlects of superimposition, as of-- ghosts or submarine' scenes.`

The

lows:

)is is well known, motion pictures aregeneifall;v produced b v'the passage throughir'ays o f light focused in a 'suitable n'ian'e'i, of'. a' succession of more or less transpafr'ent,pho-A tographs. usually mounted on fai long film; the' motion picture pioJ'e'ctlng macl'iin'e,

which I shall often hereinafter t'erin the'.

picture machine, meaning' by that' term a motion .picture projecting' machine or. other siinilardevice as' hereinafter describedvoi indicated, being s'o arranged that ea'ch lindi- `jidual photograph lon thel film is stopped,

'Specification of Letters at'ent.

' diaphragm set up by `.diviclual picture, is being exposed to-the principlesof my' invention areas fol'- ratentedvnec". 3, istie.

Application filed December 24, 19o?, serial No; 407,895';

the light allowedto'passthrough it, the lightl then turned oi or shut otl from such pas'- sage, and the individual photograph moved to make place for the next succeeding one of the series, Which issubject to the same operation.- This is repeated usually ,about sixteentimes a second, the length ot time dur`v ing which each `individua-l photograph of the series on the -ilin remains exposed being greater than the interval of time elapsing between the exposure to the light rays of adjoining successive individual pictures or photographs, usually hereinafter termed individual pictures. Usually an individual.

picture remains'in the light two forty 'eighths' of' a second', While one fort)- v eighth` ofa sccond is consumed in divi-dual picture to' thefposition of exposure. ,l Further, it is Well known that -sound r'eproducing machines, such as phonographs', usually crea-tejsound-v by the vibration cfa the passage undera needle attached to'siich diaphragm, offan indented surface, the 'indentations of which'- Were originally effected by the passage of a fresl `i c r blank impressionab'le surface under `a suitable needle attached'to or in' communiadvancing the next in# cationwith a' diaphragm moved 'by sound Waves. v

I have discovered from, a studjf of these facts, that if la givenv scene embodying, for example, objects in motion. producing sounds, b e subjected to some'sort of a kineto-- tancously to a suitable recording'-devic`e for scopic' or other suitable camera, and' simule' cording device, that the surface of a sound ,A

record Will advance an appreciable distance during the time which that -part of the tilm 1 which is to be utilized :for making the inthe'4 time which elapses between one exposure of the Vfilm and .the next usually approxi'- niatelv sixteen exposures per second of each foot of film, the sound recorder, or the-sound' record surface in case of a' reproduction, .will

move an appreciable distance.

Thus the sound reproducing machine,

.which I' shall often' hereinafter terni the sound machine, meaningby that term: us'u'- ally a sound reproducing machine, but also a sound producing machine, continues tofA emitsounds, not onl)7 vhen an individual ioA the time 'vvhen no image is'presented to the eye of the auditory by the picture machine,v

although this absence of image.` owing to persistenceof vision, is not observable except as an unsteadiness or flicker. n

.The -indentations which cause a sound niachine to emit sounds, examined under a microscope, are seen to be of a widely different characteras to size and shape, and it is thus readily possible, by ascertaining by a series of examinations, thecharacteristic indentations of sounds, to observe by any convenient means from the individual picturey what sort of sound accompanied the original at thefmoment the individual picture was taken, and then to examine the indentations of the record and discover thereon that portion of the records surface which corresponds to the accompanying individual picture. `Then both sound record and film are taken simultaneously from the same original scene, With both recording machines advanc- ,the pictures. v I

lI find it possible to do this by means which have several for-ms of application.

ing atr'absolutely regular speeds, the locations on the-sound record corresponding to the several individual pictures will be at uniform intervals.l As it is in-practice very difficult and inmany cases 'impossible not only to cause the tvvo types of recording machines to proceedat regular speeds, buteven to 'obtain adequate sound and photographic records simultaneously, it vvill generally be found that when ftaken simultaneously, the locations on thev sound record of portions corresponding to individual pictures vvill be at variable distancese The main purpose of my invention is to overcome this irregularity, so that when the film and record are advanced' at a fixed ratio of speed, the individual pictures vvill be exhibited at the same moment7 at which the corresponding portions of the sound record 'are producing sounds agreeing in eiiects with I find as a convenient# means of accomplishing the result, instead of taking sixteen individual pictures per foot Yof iihn per second, as is usuallv done, each individual lpicture thus accounting for about one vsixth of a revolution ofl an ordinary cylindrical /phonographic record of the size most com- ,inonly in use; of taking a film with a number somewhat greater than sixteen per second, for

example, ninety six per second,'involving six feet per second of film, instead of one foot per second. Thus each. individualpicture vvill correspondto about one thirty sixth of a revolution ofthe ordinary phonographic r'ecord, that is there VWill be thirty six indii vidual pictures for: each yrevolution of the 'record ,instead of onlv six.

:from the thirty six. six which most nearly correspondto six arbitrarily selected equi- By selecting distant divisions of the circumference of the` sound record, and by discarding the other thirty for each revolution; from the preserved individual pictures, a film may be formed in which theindividual pictures vvill correspond for practical purposes with equidistant intervals of the record groove from .1

beginning toy end, so that tvheii such a film and such a record,l starting from theiry mitial points, are advanced at a fixed ratio of speed, synchronization of their effects vvill-V tion, ory the less exact method of'location -by ear.

' It is generally desirable', also, not only to Ysynchronize sounds vvhich occurred simultaneously with the originals of the metion picture, but similar' sounds. or. sounds quite unrelated. which occurred previous y or subsequently, thus making it possible to provide records to correspond to films already made,

and films for records already made, Whether 'i relatedpor not.

In carrying outmy invention, I find it generally desirable to employ the following p apparatus,y processes and manufactures, but it 1s to be understood that incairying out'I the objects lof my invention, less than all of the different mechanisms. processes and manufactures herein described may be employed for some uses, or parts only may be employed, or other mechanisms, processes and manufactures similar may be substituted.` and While the preferred forms embodving my invention are shovvmit is to be understood that many of the structural details may be varied and-many changes in details resorted to, without departing from the scope and spirit of my invention, nor

.do I limit myself to the particular devices and processes shown, although I believe them especially suited to the ends to be attained by myinvention.

In the accompanying drawingsforming a part hereof, and in which the samel reference letters and numeralsindicate the` same or corresponding parts- Figures 1, 2 and 3 show a film and record dividual pictures- 1 to 12, illustrating *the ringing of a bell 30, by clapper 31, hinged at 32'." 13s-'14 represents the phonic line of a. phonograph record containing the acoustlcal record of the ringing of the bell.

Pictures 5 and A1 1 of lm c2-*33 illustrate the clappe'r in the actv of striking the bell.

The lm and record are assumed to advance downward, and -i'orthe purposeofthis illustration, the phonic 'line' is represented as of approximately the same length as the film, thuugh in/ reality it is usually much longer. and 16 in line 13s-14 represent the record of the ringing of the bell. Operating the lilm' and Arecord suitably, `it will be i obviousthat if advanced simultaneously at a fixed ratio of speed, and :for the pur poses/of this illustration, the same rate of t speed, that therecord -eiect'l will be fin evidence before the cla-pper strikes the bell fon picture 5, although continuing, record it is seven pictures.

effect 16 will be coincident -with the next strokeof the clapperon the bell aszshown in picture 11. This may happen by' chance or design, but as the -illustration shows, the distance between the strokes of fthe .bell -on the film is six pictures, while o nthe record .In order to cause -record effect 1,5 'tocoineide with the optical effect of picture 5, I

remove an earlier'picture, in'this case-.picture 3. In Fig. 2, are shown individual pictures 1 and@ and 4 to v12, 3 having been elimi- Vas nated, and v2 and 4 joined bysplice 17H-'18 and `19 -20. This causes optical effect (of picture Sito coincide with acoustical eifect ing to the shortening 'of :the early part of .the ilm,

record, 16, and it must be brought intoccincidence again. This I accomplish Fig.

3, by insertinga blank'space 9, in that part ofthe lm lying between thestrokesof the bell. In this case, the blank is inserted between. picturesv 9 and 10, and spliced as' shown in 21-22, ca -24, and' at 25e-26,

27-28. A duplicate of either 9 or 10 could have been insertedin place of blank space 9a, or a specially prepared .photograph.-mid

' Way between 9 and 10 could have been in feo nl otion picture which is disagreeable.

'serted InA practice, it lis generally better to insert av suitable photograph rather 'than leave the space blank, or at least insert a length o opaque material, atea transparent or translucent space will-causen flash 'in v 1g. 2 -represents a lmof the removed or excised type, and Fig. 3 represents from picture 7 to 12, a lm. `of the inserted or interposed type, while Fig. 3, from 1 to 12, includes both excised or removed and insertedor inmoved type,

as it is accomplished more quickly andcheaply and the removalpof a optical effect on picture 11, isnowV in advance of its eorrespondingeffect-of the single picture oreven vseveral at one point is under most circumstances hardly noticev able in the optical effect. ,l

I have not illustrated the ilm constructed by the selection oi-individual pictures, since it o'fers when completed properly, no features whereby itl can be distinguished from the ordinary film. It is, however, an important :partof my invention, and is best explainedzhy describing the -process of its manufacture. a

Instead .of an ordinary lilm of sixteen individual pictures per foot per second,`a lm :preferably made with more'than that Vnumber .cf-individual pictures per second is' employed, 'the -more pergsecond the more nearly "perfect being the result. Now at six individual pictures for each revolution-of a cylindrical phonographic record of about two inches-in diameter, the space in the record groove accounted for by one individual picture is A about one inch in length, about one third of which passes When no imageis 'visible to the eye of the spectator.

But if a ihn is :made with thirty-sixin- -dividual pictures per revolution, the space accounted-for in the groove length will be only vabout-one-sixth-of-an inch. Now as in such an arrangement, si-x exposures must be made by the-picture'machine at each revolution offthe record, and as the machines are arranged to advance at a ixed ratio of Speed, then assuming six equidistant intervals on the periphery of the record as representingthe middle-of the exposure of each individual picture by the motion picture machine, it will be possible from the thirtysix pictures per revolutiomto select those which will not be more than half the int-erval to which each individual picture corresponds away from the arbitrarily selected middle point'corresponding to the exposure,

picture. Each individual picture is thus exposed for a 'longer time than when it was taken, which is' inconsequential. It will often, however, be found unnecessary to make lso many individual pictures, a less nearly per-feet iilm'so constructed being obtainable with a fewer number of individual pictures per second. Such a lm is mostly: desirable in cases where a record already' exists. terposed type. The best lmethod. isthe 're- In using such films with corresponding records, it is possible and desirable -to connect-the 'picture machine and the sound machine to each other directlyby mechanical means, so that an individual picture is 'ad/ vanced to the position of projection coincidentally withthe passage of a portion of the recoid groove corresponding thereto.

Although not illustrated, sound .producing machines, such as music boxes with disks, piano players with rolls, etc., mayplanation of how the objects of the invention are attained by the means referred to is necessary.

As already indicated', the objects of the invention include the synchronization of effects of records and films under vthree principal contingencies (1f) those ,made simulv taneously from the same originalscene, and

` those made from different originalsand not simultaneously, whether (2) the film was first made, or (3) the record was first made.

In the case of pictures and records made from the same original simultaneously, it is v desirable toobtain the two sorts ofrecords by advancing the recording -machines 4at a fixed ratio of speed, absolutelyiso if possible. Any variations may'then be corrected as herein indicated.

' i When a film exists .and it is desirable to I obtain a sound record suitable for synchronization therewith, the following is a useful procedure within my invention:

By ordinary use of the film it is ascertained, or otherwise, what agencies will best be suited'to produce sounds corresponding to those which probably accompanied the originalscene, or those 'which it is desired shall be synchronized with the film as it exists. By practice with the, suitable agencies, that is, repeating the sounds a number of times in the proper succession,

I produce a series of suitable sounds for a period of time approximating that of the duration of the effect of the film -as used. For example, actors Yplaying' a scene can go through with the necessary words in the same length of time, with only a few seconds variation.- The sounds are. then recorded in the ordinary manner on suitable records,

and from the record, by microscopic exami-v nation, or otherwise,l the individual pictures of the film are so selected as to produce a film having the quality of synchronization lwith fthe record.

When a record exists and 1t is desiredvto obtain a film which-will synchronize therewith, the following is a useful procedure scribed.

within the scope of my invention. By use orr examinationpf therecord, .it is, ascertained what agencies will produce pictures correspondingv to the scene from which the recorded sounds` were probably derived, or

it isa'scertained what agencies will produce `K -pictures'such as are desired to be synchro# nized withthe recordas it exists. By prac# tice with Tsuitable agencies it is possible to re-na'ct at about the same rate of speed, the

desired scene, and when this approximation through practice or otherwise is sufficiently close, the scene is then subjected to the camera, preferably not such a motion picture camera as now commonly in use, such `as takes about sixteen individual pictures per second, but one which is capable of making a considerably greater number. From l the resulting film, with considerably more than ythe usualnumber of individual Vpicturesper second -p'er foot, may by selection vof certain individual pictures, be constructed such a film as has hereinbefore been deln -this description, the simplest and mostprimary combinations are referred to, one l picture machine and one sound machine being'considered to be` synchronized, but it is to be understood that multiple numbers may be introduced in pursuance of'the principles' of. my. invention, as described, or by such .other means asis herein described capable4 of extension within the scope of my invention.

The ob]ects of the second and third sysrecords and films that bear a fixed relation io tems of production are mainly, to produceto each other, for example, a film which-` contans a number of individual pictures, corresponding to a record, the length of Whose grooves is divided mto a number of spaces equivalent to the number of individual pictures, the spaces being equal to` each otherin length.

By Whatever. means this is accomplished,

it becomes apparent that Lsuch corresponding lm and record, heretofore unknown in the art, I` believe, may be utilized by various( means of production.

Within my' invention are also included less perfect means of production, which may best be described as films from which some individual pictures Ahave been omitted or excised, or in vwhich ysome blank individual A pictures or spaces have been insertedo'n the following principles.

If in the production of a record `for film.'

or a filml for a record, as the casejmay be, an exact correspondence is not arrived at, which will practically invariably be the case, then the film will either be too'long or too short as compared in synchronism with the record. Thus, for example, when revolved for reproduction at regular rates of speed,

such .aswould V.have produced perfect synchronization, had the recordandiilm been taken simultaneously from the same original scene, the motion picture will either gradually get ahead or' the sound, machine so that, in such case, for instance, offa speaker speaking the words will not .be heard until after the lspeakers lips are seen to have moved for such sound,l or goti/behind the record so that the 'Words in such case, will be heaid before the speaker opens his mouth, which is highly undesirable, orthefilm will now be ahead and now behind the record 21S the scene progresses, even a more undesirableeffect.v

Considering the case in which the/*film gets ahead, the reason is tliatsiicceeding pictures on thefilni` a-re too close togetherin point of time so that, bycutti-ngtlieapart at such points and inserting one or more, usually one, blank lindividual 'pictiire, either opaque.. or transparent, or. else anindividual,

'pictiiie""which is a duplicate ofieitherfof the indvitlualfpictures adjoining-'the' out.,- or

i otherwise photographically suitablefthefreeord is'permitted time to catchl up, the effect on the-.".I'notion cial, and` v approximately. satisfactory syn chronizat'ion 'is effected,v though ofcourse, not the" perfection possible with. the highly processed ilm hereinbefore described.

Considering the case. in which the ti-lm gets behind, the' .reasonis that lsucceeding` pictures; on the film are .toofar apart. in pointoftime, that is,fit will not be entirely run through....untilafter the, record; is

throughg- At'convenientintervals, therefore,

I removeone individual picture, or more than one,` and attach lthe ends 'createdby cutting out thatindividual picture together, and thus the tendency of the lmlto 'getbehindis corrected andthe motion picture is not much prejudiced..

Considering the' case in which the,

atA one momentzahc'ad and presentlybehind and the opposite,- whichv is most generallythe case, by Vinserting.'individualpicturesfor spaceswhere the' film gets alieacLandremovbehind` la processed film is produced which for practical purposes lis all that Will ever be requiredfor the purpose otsynchroniza.-

tion.

I have reproduced-a scene. from the play Rip Van `Winkle by the `method of re.. moving individual pictures, fromE a film and a record which weremade years, apart, so that now, long after the death. of,A Joseph Jefferson. WhoA made both the film, and rec.- ord at different times, 1,' reproduce a. scene which gives a. perfect impression of., talking motion pictures', andwhich, has great his toric value. Insome parts of: the film. it

was necessary to remove as.. many as thirty individual pictures to. overtake the. record,

which causes a slight. jerk, at; that.. point in l y picture is not greatly prejudiing individual pictures. Where the film gets A one revolving or passing bod;T bears to another, such for example. as a shaft bears to another shaft when both are revolving at a. fixed rate of speed. Thus if the first shaft revolves ten vtimes lWhile the second revolves nine times, .they are revolving at a fixed' I l ratio fofspeed. Or for example, if a foot of lin passes/While a record revolves twice,

their progress'is at a fixed ratio of speed-.

.A iixed ratio of speed as herein referred to may be. either at a fixed rateof speed or 1 not. Thus` for example. one shaftmay revolvo-twenty times While another revolves thirty and shortly thereafter the first may have. reached la 'speed' of forty revolutions v -w-hile the latter .revolves at sixty revolutions,

but the ratio ofl speedremains -fixed. A

fixed, ratio as here used may also include a progressive ratio, thus for example While one shaft is revolving ten times, the second' may revolve twelve times, andwhile the first revolves another ten times, the-second may revolve fourteen times, and sixteen andA eighteenand so on regularly for every ten revolutions of the rst shaft, though such pogressive ratio,`while Within the meaning o xed ratio. herein used, may or may not' be at variable rates of speed. Such progressive ratio of speed is useful in the case of a disk. record machine, in vvhichl` the groove length, the. groovebeing spira-l, is shorten with each revolution is approached.

-It is to be' noted that lms and records bearing a fixed relation are newin the'art,

and the claims hereto appended are to be as the center of the-disk -oonstruedwith that :tact in view,

v As used herein thev terms processed iilm, or synchronized film embrace `films made-to have a. fixed relation tota recordfor the pur.-

poses of synchronization.. i As used herein, the terms picture machine and motion picture'machine and motion pictureprojecting machine, embrace all machines adapted to. ,createthe illusion .of objects in motion, not only the ordinarily most used machines of such nature. such as the cinematograph, cameragraph or the kinetoscope, but machines operated iii other Ways, such for example as the mutoscope, The mutoscope, unlike: the,- cameragraph, which projects-.the images of a. transparent film on Whicliare photographs againstjJ screenat some distance from itself, stopping each 1ndividual picture for a. brief space; operates by. having the individual photographs mounted on a hub. after the manner of spokes in a Wheel, without, however, a rim. Qn. being forced. past a. progectionl suitably arranged, each individual leaf or photovgraph flies out of position and discloses the l next leaf, which proceeding at a rapid pa-:e

exhibits tothe eye-a number of photographs in a sliort-space of time, producing the ef- 4 fects of motion pictures. It is evident that vno new invention is 'required to effect synchronization between such. a machine and a re'ord on thel principles herein set forth. The fact that the m'utoscope usually presents photographs or pictures directly to the eye instead of projections of' photographs or pictures isof no consequence, 'as the synchronization of its effects with those of the phonograph or talking ,machine is Within lthe-present invention, Leaves may readily --beexcised from the mutoscope as individual pictures are from a film, and similarly in- 'serted. 'Other sorts of apparatus may be employed, for example, pictures. may be retlected instead of being` penetrated byA the' rays of light. In another case photographs or pictures may be mounted onv the periphery of a. .Wheel instead of in the form of free spokes as in the mutoscope. The synchrcnization of all these in the manner indicated is of course within my invention.

The term film as herein used embraces not only the commonly used tape-likes or ribbon-like-filnn, bearing in sequence photo,-

graphs of objects in motion. but also any form or arrangement of photographs or other pictures when adapted to produce the e'ects of objects in motion. The Word film .thus applies to the succession of photographs of a miitoscope or any succession of Apictures or photographs when adapted to-be displayed in quick succession to the eye,

either directly Ior indirectly, through-projection or otherwise. The term individual picture,. refers not only to the individual pictures or photographs on a tape-like film, but also the individual pictures of any sequential series,K as the individual photo. graphs of a mutoscope wheel for example.

' which are adapted' to produceV the effects of obj fectslin motion. f

The combination of a mutoscope and av phonograph is a part of the present invention and'in a commercial sense quite iniportant. .I give the Words and terms indi-y vidual picture, film, picture machine. mo

of any device which will cause the revolution of a member at a selected velocity. Thus, for example, a number of devices might be employed which would revolve a disk, for example, seventy sixtimes a ininute, and Without any connection therewith a motion picture machine could in a number of ways be caused to exhibit a certain number of individual pictures per minute which would synchronize with the sounds produced by such seventy six revolutions per minute of the record. By starting the machines simultaneously, synchronization would be effected. So many means may be employed to accomplish this that it -is unnecessary to describe them herein, further ythan to thus pointout that such arrangements are within the present invention.

The Word film as herei to the meanings already specially pointed out refers tothe ordinary tape-like transparent or translucent film', photographie or otherwise,` suitable for projecting motion pictures, vor in some uses suitable for receiving exposures of objects in motioiiwhen operated in a suitable camera under proper conditions; and the Wordfilm also refers to any sort of tape-like or other surfaces, b earing pictures or photographs or impressions suitable to render it or reproductions of it, capable of being u sed f or the projection of production of motion pictures.

' The word record as herein used -refers to the usual wax or hard rubber-like disk or cylinder used in sound reproducing machines, and to such other means .as may be employed for such purposes as records areemployed.

The Word member or members as herein used. refers to the instruments or machines, or films and records to be synchronized or Whose eHects are-to be synchronized and it, is assumed that if the apparatus and films and records be synchronized that their e'ffects will be synchronized, or if the effects be synchronized, the machine. instruments, apparatus, members, ilms'and records will necessarily be in' synchronio operation.

The word film as herein used also refers to any tape-like substance used for phonographie record purposes, and the Word record also'includes such form of record. This particular form of phonographic record is distinguished in this invention by a broad applicability to the various principles involved. t'will be readily seen that the tape-record, though not much used in the art lends itself at every turn so to speak, to vivigraphic treatment.

Being in the form of a film it can readily be excised as to certain portions or have spaces inserted.

A tape film record is also included Within the scope of my invention, that is a cinef' matographio film bearing along the edge a n used, in addition lll) e .phonic line, though the `speedfl'atwhich it chronized with -which when developed vis the record of `which the' locations of /is necessary 'to run the phonicline makes theA pass so' rapidly thatthe-device is of pictures little practical use.` s.

vA tape-record being subject to practically all the operations to which I" subject both cinematographic films and phonograph records, is thus Within my invention, and occupies a art. heretofore an unknown art.

This is particularly truefwith respect to that form of tape record lwhich does v'not bear a plionic line withindentations, but which is in the form of a photographic strilp, t e variations in intensity of alight- Which was afi'ectedv by sounds while the'film was being exposed to it. Light again being passed through such a film, and lfallingon selenium, the variations in density are through the variations in efi'ect on'th'e seleniuml employed to give off sounds again throughsuitable apparatus. Sucli a tape-"record` is subject to.

the scope of my invention. e 1 e l Chemical phonograplis in' Awhich electro occurs are likewise within my indeposition y l volition, as such records are vreadily subject to the operatio'nsherein disclosed for the first time.

' The term individual pictures as used herein refers `not only .toi theI indvidual photo` graphs of va film 'for tion pictures. butv also includes inserted portions of a film. designed tortakc'the place of individual photographs That I claimis: f'- y.

1. An artificially synchronized film in the optical effects are so altered relatively to each, other las to be in the same proportionate locations on the film, as are the analogous acousticalefiects of a sound record on the record. whereby to artificially synchronize it with the record.

2. A motion picture film,1Y artificially synplaced atselected intervals'Lf 3. An artificially synchronized film in which between individual ,selected pictures blank spaces of selected extent are inserted,

I whereby to make the film synchronous with a phonographic record.

4. An artificially synchronized film in I which between somev of the individual pictures spaces of varying degrees of extent 'are inserted. whereby to make the film synchronous with a phonographic record.

5. `An artificially synchronized film having certain individual pictures inserted, whereby to make it synchronous withva phonographic record.

Y 6. A film having certain individual pic` tures' inserted which were not originally unique posit-ion in the-v ivigraphic the lreproduction of -moor to lengthen the "interv`al between individual photographs.

v a sound'record. in which selected portions of the optlcal effects are sound record along the record.

therein, such -inserted pictures beingother than those in immediate natural sequence, whereby to cause the film to be artificially synchronous with aphonograph record.

f7.- `An larticially. synchronized film from" which Ihave been discarded one or' more selected individual 'pictures at selected places,

substantially as scribed. vf8. An artificially :synchronized film. from and for the purpose dewliichlia-vebeen discarded between each two successive remaining individual pictures, one or more individual pictures. substantially as and for the purpose described.

lv9. A -film artificially synchronized With- `a sound record ,comprising selected optical veffects from Vbetween which other selected opt-ical efect's are omitted; and selected interposed blank spaces; at selected intervals. 10. A lm artificially synchronized with a soun record-comprising selected individual pictures from between which other selected individual pictures are omitted; and selected intervals.' i 11. A filmarticially synchronized with interposed blank spaces at selected a sound record comprising selcted individual pictures from `lected, individual pictures are omitted; and selected individual vpictures interposed :ws at selected intervals.

12. A `film artificially synchronized with la sound record comprising individual pictures obtained by selecting from one film'taken of a scene such individualpictures as will most nearlyfrpresent the a'ctions Which correspond `ture film the optical effects thereof relativelyT to each other to such extent lthat they are in the same proportionate locations along the film as are the analogous acoustical effects of the between which other se-4 ivith the Words of'l 'an analogous sound record, whereby the film more than is made artificially synchronous ivith `the Sound record. 1 13. The process of making a motion picartificially synchronous with a :sound record Which'consists lin making a film and in then altering the locations of lspaces of selected extent at selected places lecting the individual pictures ofthe lilm lecting the individual pictures of the film' and'in`,disc'arding selected individual pictures, thereby making the film synchronous with a phonographic record. 16. The process of 'aking a lm artificially synchronous 'with a sound record which consists" in makiiiggaA film and insewhich most nearly represent the actions ,which .correspond to the sound records terposing blank spaces of selected extent atV phonograph record. 4:0

sounds and in interposin'g at selected intervals lblank spaces, thereby making the film artificially synchronous with a sound record.

a iiln'i arti- 17. The process of making licially synchronous with a sound record which consistsinmaking. a film and in sewhich' most nearly represent the4 actions which correspond to the sound vrecordsJ sounds and .in interposing at selected intervals additional individual pictures,'thereby making the film articially synchronous v with the soundV record. 18.' The-process of making a'lm arti.

icially synchronous with a sound record which consists in making the film` and'in inselected intervals. l

19. The process of making a iilm artificially synchronous with a sound record which consists in making alilm and in in-l terposing one or more additional individual pictures at selected intervals.

l 20. :The process'of making .a motion picture film/.artificially synchronous with a sound record which tconsists in making a vilrn, and in omitting onefor more individual lpictures at selected places, thereby making the ilm artificially synchronous with a 21. The process ofl making 'a motion pic- `ture film artificiallysynchronous witli. a

' sound record which consistsi in making .a

. ilm, in omitting one orinore individual pictures and in interpcsing'one or more a ditional individual pictures, at such selected places as will cause .the-optical eiects of the film to be in the same proportionate relation to each othe'r as are the analogous acoustical 'effects of the record with which. the film is:

lilm therefrom,

from such films such individual"pictures 'as will most nearly represent the actions whichl correspond with the .wordsof aiianalogous more than one lin of a vscene and in-select-ing sound record, the film thus being madesynchronous with the sound record.

23. The process of making a motion picture iilni artificially synchronous with a sound record which consists in making a negative ofza lm and in making a positive film therefrom, omitting bnc or more individual pictures at selected' locations, the positive film being thereby in ade synchro- 'nous with the sound record.

. 24.- The process ofniaking a motion picture linartificially synchronous with a soundI record which consists in making a negativev 'of a film and making a Apositive omitting one or inore individual pictures at selected locations, and .in inserting one or more individual pictures or blank spaces atA selected locations, the positive film being thereby made synchronous with the sound record.

25. Theigeneral process of making a motion picture-iilm artificially synchronous with a sound record which consists in making the ilms eti'ectsoccupy a position' relatively as far from the initial point of the ilin as, the analogous effects of the sound record arefrom the initial -point of the sound recoid by'means of operations on or in connection with the lilm after the negative is taken.

,-26.;` The process of making a motion picv ture tilinvartificially synchronous with a,

sound record which consists in makinga negative of a `Iilin and making a positive -ilmtherefrom, inserting one or more individual pictures more than once, at selected' locationson the positive, the positivefilm being thereby' niade synchronous with thel sound record( 27. The process'of synchronizing a fno-- tion picture film with another sense impression record-by artiicially-niodifying the spacing of the optical effects thereon;

EDWiN s. HoPKiNs'JR.

Witnesses:

JOHN F. SHERIDAN,

EDWARD F. ADAMS. 

